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Among land-living vertebrates, lemurs seem to benefit most from this approach.

Plantations of mixed utilitarian trees and shrubs could be integrated into agricultural landscapes. Application of the Forest Landscape Restoration approach with a combination of exotic and native plant species used by both people and animals could increase the economic value of restored forest habitats for people, thus providing incentives for forest conservation. Our literature search revealed that 72 of these plant species and 13 genera used by people, were also used by 208 different terrestrial vertebrates including 58 lemur species. People listed 139 utilitarian plant taxa. We carried out semistructured interviews and group discussions in 12 different villages in each study region in November 2017. We compiled native and introduced tree, shrub, and herbaceous species used by both people and native vertebrates for three regions, covering the domains of the dry, transitional, and humid forest of Madagascar. People need economic and other benefits, and conservation measures have to account for these needs. Trying to exclude people from the use of these resources has not been successful during economic, natural, or political crises or when human population growth outruns any development effort. Many protected areas are too small for long-term conservation of viable vertebrate populations, especially in Madagascar, and forests are subject to exploitation for a variety of natural resources. Nature and species conservation often conflict with intensive natural resource or land use. ravelobensis finds preferential (i.e., wetter, taller, and denser forests), the forest fragments are drier, habitat that is preferred by M. Such results are likely related to species-specific ecological requirements: whereas the continuous forest has conditions that M. murinus preferred fragmented forest habitat. ravelobensis preferred continuous forest habitat, whereas the congeneric M. However, in fragmented forests there was a significant positive relationship between the two species. Like previous studies, we found a negative correlation in encounter rates between M. ravelobensis were negatively associated with rainfall but were positively associated with rainfall for M. Contrary to studies conducted at a smaller scale, yearly encounter rates for M. murinus in continuous forests and fragmented forests, respectively. A sample reflects multiple surveys, visual, and/or trapping (N = 2–21) along a line-transect and/or trapline within 1 year. murinus) in different survey sites (surveyed portions of continuous forest and individual fragments) using trapping (N = 16 sites 42 samples) and visual (N = 42 sites 73 samples) survey methods in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar (total N = 58 sites 115 samples). We compiled previously published, long-term data from several studies on encounter rates of two sympatric mouse lemurs (Microcebus ravelobensis and M. It is important to understand how sympatric congeners can co-occur within the same landscapes to better understand niche differentiation and how each species respond to habitat modification.

Monitoring population trends can provide an early warning signal of species loss and species-specific responses can inform crucial intervention strategies. Our results emphasize the importance of localized pressures and species-specific responses on population dynamics. tanosi encounter rates were extremely low across all study fragments but were lowest in the most heavily degraded forest fragment. thomasi populations appeared stable in all three fragments, with densities increasing in the most degraded forest. meridionalis, declined in density and encounter rate over time across the three study forests.

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Based on distance sampling analysis our results indicate that nocturnal lemurs respond to forest patch size and to levels of forest degradation in species-specific ways. Between 20, we walked 285 km of line transect and recorded 1968 lemur observations. This study focuses on three Endangered nocturnal lemur species-Avahi meridionalis, Cheirogaleus thomasi, and Microcebus tanosi-across three forest fragments of different size and with different usage histories. Littoral forests are a useful model for monitoring lemur population dynamics, as they are relatively well studied and their highly fragmented nature enables the effect of forest size and anthropogenic impacts to be examined. Here we summarize results from a longitudinal study set in the littoral forests of southeast Madagascar. Despite repeated calls from primatologists and the wider conservation community to increase monitoring initiatives that assess long-term population dynamics, such studies remain rare. Habitat loss and fragmentation pose a significant threat to many primate species worldwide, yet community-level responses are complex and nuanced.

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